Chronic Pyelonephritis

It is persistent presence of bacteria in kidney. 



Causes- 

1. Ascending infection. 
2. Haematogenous infection.

 Symptoms- 

1. It is more common in females. While majority of the females are below the   40 years of age, majority of the males affected are above the 40 years of age. 
2. Chronic pyelonephritis may remain asymptomatic until renal insufficiency takes place. 
3. Vesicle irritability in the form of increased frequency, urgency and dysuria.
4. Hypertension is seen in the half the cases. It gradually develops and becomes evident in long standing cases. It is common in younger patients. 
5. Gastrointestinal symptoms. 
6. Headache. 
7. Nausea. 
8. Anorexia. 
9. Pyrexia.  

Investigations- 

1. Blood test. 
2. Urine test. 
3. Renal function test.
4. Straight X-ray. 
5. Cystoscopy.

Treatment- 

1. Chemotherapy. 
2. Antibiotics. 
3. Surgery.

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