It refers to the phenomena that occur when substantial amounts of protein are lost in urine. In the morning, the upper limbs and face may be more affected. In children, ascites occurs early and oedema is often seen only in the face.
Acute inflammation within the tubulo-interstitium is most commonly allergic, particularly to drugs, but other causes include toxins and a variety of systemic diseases and infections. Leucocyturia is common and eosinophils are found in the urine in up to 70% of patients.
Aortic regurgitation is due to disease of aortic valve cusps or dilatation of the aortic root. The left ventricle dilates and hypertrophies to compensate for the regurgitation.
Patients with a clone of B lymphocytes secreting free immunoglobulin light chains filter these freely into the urine. This may occur in amyloidosis and plasma cell dyscrasias, but is particularly important as a marker for myeloma. This was all in brief about Bence Jones Proteinuria. Now know about Microalbuminuria here- Microalbuminuria
It is the urinary excretion of small amounts of normal albumin protein. The presence of albumin in the urine is a clear sign of glomerular abnormality and can identify the very early stages of progressive glomerular disease.
Sodium depletion can occur occasionally under extreme environmental conditions as a result of inadequate intake of salt, but it is much more commonly due to pathological loses of sodium containing fluids. Loss of whole blood, as in acute hemorrhage is also a cause of hypovolaemia.
By handling a dog or drinking contaminated water, humans may ingest eggs of Echinococcus Granulosus. Dogs are definitive hosts of Echinococcus Granulosus.
Cestodes are ribbon shaped worms which inhabit the intestinal tract. Human acquire them by eating undercooked beef infected with Cpysticercus bovis, undercooked pork or undercooked freshwater fish containing larvae.
Trichinella spiralis is transmitted to humans if they eat partially cooked infected pork. Symptoms result from invasion of intestinal submucosa by ingested larvae, which develop into adult worms and the secondary invasion of tissues by fresh larvae produced by these adult worms.